Human papillomavirus, usually shortened to HPV, is one of the most common viruses in the world. It is passed on through close skin-to-skin contact, most often during sexual activity, and is so common that most people who are sexually active will come into contact with some type of HPV at some point. For most people the immune system clears the infection naturally, often without any symptoms and without them ever knowing they had it.
A small number of infections, however, do not clear. When certain 'high-risk' types of HPV persist, they can slowly cause changes to the cells of the cervix and, over many years, raise the risk of cervical cancer. Cancer Research UK reports that high-risk HPV is linked to almost all cervical cancers, and that two types in particular — HPV 16 and HPV 18 — cause around seven in ten cases.
This is why vaccination has become such an important part of cervical cancer prevention. The vaccine helps your immune system recognise and respond to the high-risk HPV types before you are exposed to them, lowering the chance of the cell changes that can lead to cancer later in life. Evidence suggests it works best when given before contact with the virus, which is why national programmes offer it to young people — though many adults still choose to be vaccinated as part of looking after their long-term health.
HPV is not a single virus but a family of more than a hundred types. Some high-risk types are linked to cervical cancer and, less commonly, to cancers of the vulva, vagina, anus, penis and throat, while other, low-risk types — mainly HPV 6 and 11 — cause most genital warts. The vaccine used in the UK, Gardasil 9, protects against both groups, which is why a single course can offer broad and lasting benefit. Our HPV vaccination is provided as part of our wider gynaecology services, beginning with a consultation with a Consultant Gynaecologist.